Honorary Consulate of Romania (Boston, Massachusetts)
METHODOLOGY: ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF ROMANIA
| Dr. Ion Ghinoiu I. METODOLOGIA: ATLASULUI ETNOGRAFIC ROMÂN Mobilul publica˘rii atlaselor etnografice în Europa s¸i în România Chestionarul etnografic Satele anchetate Ancheta de teren Ha˘rt¸ile de autor Baza cartografica˘ a Atlasului Materialul a fost cartografiat de autori pe ha˘rt¸i la scara de un milion (480 / 620 mm), apoi la sca˘ri cartografice mai mari s¸i cu dimensiuni mult mai mici: un milion s¸i juma˘tate, doua˘ s¸i trei milioane. Formatul Atlasului, este dat de harta României la scara de doua˘ milioane. Pentru elaborarea ha˘rt¸ilor de autor a fost folosita˘ harta baza˘ a Atlasului Nat¸ional de Geografie adaptata˘ pentru uzul cerceta˘torilor etnografi. Atlasul etnografic îmbina˘ perfect cartografia tradit¸ionala˘ cu cea moderna˘, computerizata˘. Atlasul etnografic s¸i etnologia româneasca˘ II. PEISAJELE (CIVILIZAT¸IILE) ETNOGRAFICE
Civilizat¸ia lemnului La începutul secolului al XX-lea peisajul etnografic pa˘streaza˘ elemente semnificative ale civilizat¸iei lemnului s¸i lutului. Cu peste doua˘ milenii în urma˘, pe vremea lui Homer, actual teritoriu al României era aproape în întregime acoperit cu pa˘duri. Vremuri îndelungate s-a dezvoltat aici o civilizat¸ie a lemnului ale ca˘rei forme originale supraviet¸uiesc în zonele carpatice s¸i subcarpatice. Pa˘durea oferea omului, direct sau indirect, ada˘post, îmbra˘ca˘minte, hrana˘ (fructe, ciuperci, plante comestibile, vânat, pes¸te, miere s¸i altele). Pâna˘ la începutul secolului al XX-lea puteau fi întâlnite locuint¸e s¸i construct¸ii fa˘ra˘ nici un cui de fier, în timp ce la stânele carpatice doar ceaunul s¸i alte câteva unelte erau confect¸ionate din metal. În marea invazie de obiecte, unelte s¸i mas¸ina˘rii industriale, leaga˘nul copilului s¸i sicriul continua˘ sa˘ fie construite la sate numai din lemn. Vechimea peisajului forestier s¸i cunoas¸terea însus¸irilor ascunse ale lemnului, fa˘ra˘ de care nu era posibila˘ metamorfozarea lui artistica˘, au generat mai multe zone specializate în prelucrarea utilitara˘ s¸i artistica˘ a lemnului: Maramures¸, Munt¸ii Apuseni, T¸inutul Pa˘durenilor, Ma˘rginimea Sibiului, Oltenia de nord, Bucovina, T¸ara Vrancei. Dintre obiectele lucrate în lemn de artis¸tii t¸a˘rani vândute prin târgurile, bâlciurile s¸i iarmaroacele românes¸ti sunt ca˘ucele oltenes¸ti cu coada arcuita˘, terminata˘ adesea într-un cap de cal stilizat, pistornicele, lingurile, blidarele, la˘zile de zestre, furcile de tors, tiparele de cas¸, crucile, icoanele pe lemn s¸i altele.
Reprezentarea mitica˘ feminina˘ sta˘pâna˘ a apelor, care se face va˘zuta˘ pe ape numai pe timp de noapte, este numita˘, în Bucovina, S¸tima apei. Ca statura˘, este înalta˘ s¸i îmbra˘cata˘ în alb, cu sâni imens¸i pe care îi da˘ pe spate. Poate sa˘ apare s¸i ca sirena˘: juma˘tate femeie s¸i juma˘tate pes¸te. Pe vreme rea s¸i în nopt¸ile cu luna˘ iese la suprafat¸a apei, se scalda˘, se scutura˘ s¸i umbla˘ pe ulit¸ele satului ca un nor: „Daca˘-i dai pace, nu zice la nimeni nimica, dar de nu, te mut¸es¸te, te slutes¸te. Umbla˘ pâna˘ la miezul nopt¸ii, când încep cocos¸ii a cânta. Ea trage pe om la înec zicând: „Ceasul a sosit, / Omul n-a venit!” (Moldova, Bucovina). Fiicele S¸timei apelor curga˘toare sau sta˘ta˘toare se numesc Fetele de apa˘. Partea de sus a corpului este femeie cu pa˘rul despletit, partea de jos coada˘ de pes¸te. Neîntrecute în frumuset¸e, cu aripi albe în loc de mâini, Fetele de apa˘ ar fi inventatoarele cântecelor. Înainte de a începe a cânta, se ridica˘ valuri de apa˘ ca s¸i cum ar fi stârnite de vânt. Atunci, Fetele de apa˘ ies la suprafat¸a˘, pe coama valurilor, se joaca˘, cânta˘ s¸i se stropesc cu apa˘. Îndata˘ ce se sparg valurile, încep a cânta cu glas dumnezeiesc, încet, s¸i apoi din ce în ce mai tare. Când sfârs¸esc cântecul se afunda˘, înoata˘ pe sub apa˘ s¸i ridica˘ la oarecare distant¸a˘ alte valuri pe care ies, se joaca˘ s¸i cânta˘ alte cântece. Daca˘ sunt va˘zute de un fecior, acesta, fermecat de frumuset¸ea trupurilor s¸i cântecelor, încearca˘ sa˘ le atinga˘ cu mâna. Atunci fie ca˘ se scufunda˘ pe fundul apelor, fie îl îneaca˘ pe ba˘iat (Bucovina).
[1] Atlasul Etnografic Român, vol. I, Habitatul: As¸ezarea, Gospoda˘ria, Locuint¸a, Amenajarea interiorului, Cimitirul; vol. II, Ocupat¸iile: Cultivarea pa˘mântului, Cres¸terea animalelor, Sericicultura, Apicultura, Vâna˘toarea, Pescuitul s¸i Transportul; vol. III: Tehnologia populara˘ Mes¸tes¸ugurile, Instalat¸iile tehnice populare, Alimentat¸ia; vol. IV: Manifesta˘rile artistice Portul, Arta populara˘; vol. V Manifesta˘rile spirituale: Obiceiurile de la nas¸tere ca˘sa˘torie s¸i înmormântare, Sa˘rba˘torile s¸i obiceiurile calendaristice, Mitologia.
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Dr. Ion Ghinoiu (w. undedited GOOGLE translation)
I. METHODOLOGY: ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF ROMANIA Mobile atlaselor ethnographic publication in Europe and Romania Questionnaire ethnographic Villages surveyed Survey of land Maps of author Cartographic base of Atlas II. LANDSCAPES (CIVILIZATIONS) ETHNOGRAPHIC Civilization Wood
Romania has a potentially very rich hunting. In antiquity were famous for hunting and deer hunting in the Middle Ages with domnes¸ti falcon and dogs. Depending on the behavior of animals and birds hunted or trapped, you can choose different techniques: the bait, imitating urletelor, screams and whistle hunted animals and birds. Organize in cete, hunting animals to practice ha˘ituirea fences, pens or nets cleverly camouflaged. On paths crossing animals are arranged holes traps are put on different chains and hooks for catching animals and birds. Introduction of firearms and the laws of health houses have removed most of these techniques of hunting. Codrul is a fundamental theme of folklore and of all green leaf is customary in popular songs. Mythical representations of the forest (Muma, daughter and Forest Man, Pa˘dureanca) sacrii trees (oak and fir tree), fiarelor Forest (wolf and bear) present living habits and beliefs in contemporary folk. Myth representative civilization is wood Muma Forest, mistress everywhere you born, grow and live in the Carpathian forests. Muma is one of Mumelor who lives in the forests, old trees in the hollow, the plant called Muma Forest. It is sad but a parent who suffer are jeles¸te, sighing, snorting, howling because people cut infants, the trees in the forest . He knows all the trees (the children) of forest on breastfeeding when they are small, they grow up quarrel that twist, it shouts the name or nickname, curses him to be slaughtered by humans or by lightning thunder when vexed. As sea goddess, this may be good or bad. Tâlharii punished and tormented help people, show the right of children lost in the woods.
In villages in the northern counties of Arges, Dambovita and partly in Vâlcea ceremony of death and rebirth annual tree divinity is practiced on the night of 25/26 October. It is a formal night equaled only by the spectacular night of old year New Year. Around a huge pyre lit youth in a village high (mountain, hill, mound) gather the entire draft settlement. In the old forms in the middle gra˘mezii Lumber and cetinii pine is set to be incinerated strain cut a tree in the forest. Around rugului funerary maintained with dry wood, straw and used tires of cars, is shout in chorus, the formula containing “Let’s focu on Sâmedru.” Women divided as to a funeral, pretzels, fruit and drink. There, while logs or timber (body fitomorf) was destroyed by the flames eat, drink, be joked, play. When the expected collapse tree was incinerated when showing symbolic rebirth god dead. By direction of the celestial body fall (jarul or ta˘ciunii lit) to assess which of feciori and girls were to marry in the new year. On departure, the participants took stew that fertilize the gardens and orchards. Unlike death and rebirth divinity at Christmas December 25, substituted or Buturuga of logs burned in house fire on the hearth, fire ritul funeral of Sâmedru held outdoors.
After Muma Forest and girl, the best known in the mythical representation Dates are popular bear and wolf. At the discretion of geographical Romania bears împerecheaza˘ is at the end of summer and early autumn, a time when significant harm herds of sheep, orchards and Prisaca. This time is marked in the popular calendar day August 1. By Country Hateg bear is now a leg up calf and is said aloud: “- Na Bear.” Santa Marin important god of Panteon Carpathian, is celebrated in Martinii Winter (1-3 February), when the girl, Ursului Day (February 2) and Ursului Saturday (a week before Palm Sunday to deliver). The first three days of February is dedicated to Martin de Winter, owners of bears. The most powerful and most dangerous of them, Martin the Great, is celebrated on 2 February, at Candlemas Day or Ursului. According to tradition, would bear out this day from the couch to watch the shadows on snow. If it’s cold, fog and sees not the shade, pull down their lair, draw a game, go to the river, the mouth of a drinking water and they see things through the forest. Conversely, if the time is nice, it sees the sun and its shadow on the snow falls again in winter because lair will take 40 days. In beliefs, fairy tales and folk legends, the bear is a strange forest creature: girl chicks winter, while the other lives waiting warm season, if time is good, in housing, if ugly, resume his work in the woods, they found bridge over a river hurts when no batter found a tree and put a bridge, etc.. People associate this behavior with the bears of whimsy at the end of winter and early spring.
Representation mythical female mistress water, which is seen on the water only at night is called, in Bukovina, we know water. As stature is high and dressed in white, with huge breasts on giving back. May occur as a mermaid: half woman and half fish. The weather and the nights of the month comes to water, bathe, walk and shake it on ulit¸ele village as a cloud: “If you give him peace, do not say anything to anybody, but no, you mut¸es¸te you slutes¸te. Walk until midnight, when the singing starts cocos¸ii. It draws on the drowning man saying: “The clock arrived, / na man came!” (Moldova, Bucovina). Daughters esteem standing or flowing water are called water girls. Top of body is a woman with disheveled hair, the bottom tail of the fish. Unsurpassed in beauty, with white wings instead of hands, the girls would be water inventatoarele songs. Before starting to sing, amounts of water waves as the wind stirred. Then the girls come to the surface water on the ridge wave, play, Sing and sprayed with water. Once the waves break, begin to sing with heavenly voice, slowly, then increasingly louder. When you end the song dive, swim under water and up to some distance other waves that come out, play and sing other songs. If you are seen by a son, it fascinated by the beauty of bodies and songs, try to reach by hand. Then either go down in the bottom water or drowning man is the boy (Bukovina).
to be continued …
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